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RUDOLPH FREDERICK SCHUCI-IARDT, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

METER.

incense.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Feb. 1, 1921.

Application filedNovemcer 29, 1918. Serial No. 284,533.

of which the'following is a full, clear, condisc, and exact description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification.

My invention relates to meters, and particularly to means for indicating and recording the power factor of a customers load, and for'indicating and recording other Characteristics of the same.

The character of the load, particularly with respect to power factor, connected to the generating system is of importance in fixing rates charged for power and in deter mining the design of the circuits.

Electric current has, among other properties, two important manifestations which are most commonly put to use for industrial purposes, namely, the development of heat andthie development'of magnetic effect.

For powerpurposes and for transformation of current the magnetic effect is more important and for lighting, welding and the like the heat effect is more important. Neither can be developed purely without some manifestation of the other, but it is easily possible to develop either one with a substantial absence ofthe other.

It is well known to those skilled in the art that the creation or increase of a magnetic flow" or field is attended with a certain delaywhich is comparable with an effect of inertia and similarly the destruction or diminution of the magnetic flow or field is attend-ed with certain delay also comparable with the effect of inertia. Hence in the case of theemployment of the magnetic effeet of'alte'rnating current for transforma tion or power purposes there isa tendency for the electrical energy to be less effective due to this lag of the desired magnetic effect behind the force or pressure tending to create it.

@ne complete cycle of an alternating current wave is considered the same as a complete mechanical revolution of 360 and a half cycle the same as 180 of movement. The amount of lag' of one quantity namely current behind, the other namely electromotive force, is stated in terms of degrees. Where this wave shape has the form of simpleharmonic motion known as the sine w ve, then mathematically the-cosine of the angle by which the current lags behind the electromotive force,measured as above described 1n degrees is a measure of the actual reductlon in positive power factor due to the fact that the current lags behind the electro motive force. Technically the cosine of this angle is termed the power factor. It will be seen that power factor is a measure of the effectiveness of the actual electrical energy applied.

The power factor of a piece of transformmg or power developing apparatus is largely controlled by the nature of the design and the character of theuse of'said apparatus. The effectiveness of the apparatus at the central station for generating and transmitting power is decreased by a load apparatus operating at a power factor less than unity. Consequently it is apparent that a consumer using a certain amount of power at a power factor less thanunity actually employs agreater portion of the generating and transmitting apparatus than does a consumer using the same amount of power at unity power factor. The customer or consnmer should therefore be charged for the power used upon a basis which takes into account the power factor of his load.

There is a strong demand in the art for some means which will enable the central station and the consumer to know at all times the power factor of the load and to keep a record such as can be consulted for designing circuits, laying out new installations, applying corrective ineans, and for general in formation. In some classes of work such as steel furnace operation, it is desirable to maintain a certain value of power factor to secure proper and efficient operation. F or such work a device of the present character is necessary in order to maintain the de sired powerfactor and for observing and recording the working of the apparatus. WV here synchronous apparatus is employed for power development transformation or for power fartorcorrection there has long been a demand for a device of this character for indicating and recordingthe operation of the apparatus.

Heretofore it has been customary in the above connection to make tests at relatively long intervals to determine the power factor of the consumers load and to make rates upon that basis. This has not been satisfactory because it is not a true measure of the actual power factor nor is it a reliable approximation.

Such measurement further fails to give the value of the power factor at peak loads and this it is very desirable to know.

According to my invention I provide among other things means for automatically indicating and recording at short intervals the approximate power factor over that period. I also provide in conjunction with the above, means for indicating and recording the total power component and the total reactive component of the load over the same period.

The theory of my invention and the relation it bears to the electrical quantities involved may be demonstrated mathematically as follows:

The instantaneous Value of power factor is the cosine of the anode of lag; of the current behind the electro-motive force at that instant. Or be otherwise stated as the cosine of that angle whose tangent is the ratio of the instantaneous value of the reactive component to the instantaneous value of the energy component.

The power factor and the total amount of power drawn are independent variables as can be seen at once from the equation expressing power:

PowerzEI cos 1 soectlvely to the reactive and the power components the load constitute the basis f my invention, I have observed that it would be undesirable to record a succession of such instantaneous vaiues and I have therefore provided m ans for recording the average power factor over a given period of time by addi p or integrating the intantaneous ties of the reactive component over the give period and adding up or integrating the instantaneous values of the power component of the load over the same period, and automatically indicating and recor hese quantities and the cosine of the an -W of which their aforesaid ratio is the tangent.

Considering a period of time running from t to 25 the total reactive component over that period may be represented by the expression:

(It i and the total power component over the same period nay be represented by the expression' E( di)(d cos c) (it Hence the average power factor over the same given period may be represented by the expression:

Average P. F. cos 5:

I have provided means for automatically evaluating the above equations and for producing a record of the same the end. of

a period. Preferably such values covering such definite periods are )Illltd 1n succession on a strip of paper and they may be further integrated, if desired,'to arrive at an average power factor for any greater desired period of time, a r

1- may construct the apparatus to be purely indicating'in character and I may vices.

While the invention may be practised in many different forms of apparatus, I shall describe the preferred form and shall point out in the following specification and particularly in the appended claims, the essential features of my invention.

.Preferably I provide two wattineter elements of the integrating type as the responbe moved rotarily to represent the response of the other wattmeter element to the power component; The cylinder may obviously be "moved in the opposite relation by the respective wattmeter elements. The surface of the cylinder is divided on rectangular coordinates to provide small rectangular faces 0r fields upon which are inscribed, orotherwise. indicated, the corresponding values of power fator as by su table numerals or HA O other indicating or recording means.

The cylinder may also have indicating or recordmg. means for indicating or recordmg the value of the power component over said, pe-

riod and of the reactive component over the given period.

Instead of a cylinder, a plane surface or any other surface which may be desired may be provided, andeither the surface itself may be moved or two indi ating members opera-ting'prcferably in different directions to each other and having an intersection which constitutes a reference point may be moved across the field to indicate said values. If desired the reference point may be moved in one direction and the chart in another direction. In any event the chart, is. graduated in two dimensions andrelative motion ofthe chart and the reference point may besecuredin any preferred manner.

In the accompanying drawings in which I have illustrated diagrammatically the preferred embodiment of my. invention,

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic layout of a system embodying my invention for indicating power factor over a given period;

Fig. 2. iso diagrammatic sectional view take 01 IlQZr-Q Q'f Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a similar view taken on the line 3 of Fig. 1;

Fig. f is a similar .view taken on the line d& of Fig. 1;

Fig. 5 and Fig. 5 shown as two parts of a system consist of a diagrammatic layout of my invention as applied to a three phase line and providing means for recording both the. reactive component, the power factor and the power component.

' Fig. 6 indicates diagrammatically another form of connection for a 3-phase line;

Fig. 7 is a developed view'of the printing cylinder shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 8 is adeveloped View of the printing cylinder shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 8 is a developed view of the printing cylinder shown in Fig. 12;

Figs. 9, 10 and 11 are explanatory diagrams; r V

Fig. 12 is a diagram of a modification showing means forrecording the total power component over a protracted period of time; 7

Fig. 13 is a fragmentary View of the record made where totalpower and powenfactor only are recorded; 9

Fig. 14; is a similar fragmentary view showing the record made when power factor, reactive component and power compo nent and total kilowatts are recorded.

Fig. 14 shows the record made by the device of Fig. 12.;

Fig. 14 shows a modification in the form of the strip;

Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic layout of an indicating power factor .meter embodying my invention; I 1

Fig. 16 is a further modificationshowing an indicating meter embodying the invention;

17 is a chart or diagram-explanatory of Fig. 16;

Fig, 18 is a similar chart or diagram explanatory of the method of arriving at the values of power factor to be placed in the individualsquaresasindica-ted in Fi 7;

Fig. 19 is a diagrammatic layout .of a further modification; and

Fig. 20 is a fragmentary view of the. chart and pointer employed in the same.

Considering first Figs. 9 to 12- inclusive, 1 shall explain briefly the theoretical nature of the printing chart.

In alternating current the relation between the electro-motive force and the flow of current broadly may be represented by the curves shown in Fig. 9. The curve 1 which represents the electro-motive force, is shown in this case as leading the curve 2, which represents current, by the angle (9 which .inthis case isshown as approximately 30 degrees. In harmonic motion the angle pas ed over represents time" elapsed.

This relation may be indicatedin vectors.

or polar coordinates as is shown in Fig. 10, the line OE represents electro-motive force and the line OI represents current flow. It will be seen that the vector OI lags behind the vector OE by the angle a. Taking the line OE as the base line and visualizing the expression for power above outlined, we may assume that the vector OI which represents current, is made up of the two components OX and XI; the component OX represents the in-phas'e or power component, while the vector XI represents the reactive or wattless component of current.

As it is desired to obtain an expression which represents the cosine of the angle means must be provided for evaluating the vectors OX and XI. This can be done by means of wattmeters as I shall describe later so that the angle q: may be properly de termined and an indicator or a record made thereof. In view of the fact that the angle depends upon the ratio only of the vectors OX and XI and is independent of the absolute value of the vectors, it is necessary in some manner to provide a common means which will indicate this ratio.

Consider the chart as shown in Fig. 11 and assume that the vector OE be laid out on this chart at the angle a with the base line OI. It will now be seen that any particular point on the line OE, such for instance as the point 3, falls within one of the small squares into which the chart is divided. To give the value of the cosine of the angle determined by the line OE with the base OI it is necessary only to place within the square, such as the square 4 within which the point 3 falls. the numerical value of the angle or of any of the functions pertaining to it, such. for instance as the cosine of said angle, the power component and the reactive component, or any other information.

WVhile such marking of the individual squares is only approximate, it can be seen that theoretically if the squares are made small enough, any desired degree of accuracy may be obtained.

The charts of Figs. 7 and 8 are constructed on this theory and the operation of the same will be made clear from a consideration of the diagram of Fig. 1 or of Fig. 5

In Fig. 1 I have indicated a single-phase transmission line 5 connected by the wires 67 with the customers load 8, which may consist of any desired power consuming apparatus.

In order to determine the power factor of the load 8 I have provided the two wattmeter elements 10 and 11 suitably connected to the wires 6 and 7 to give indications of the power component and of the reactive component respectively. The wattmeter elements 10 and 11 are of the integrating or watt hour meter type, having the rotating elements 12 and 13 shown in dotted lines. The coils 14 and 15 are connected in series with the supply mains and the pressure coils 17 and 18 are suitably connected across the mains 6 and 7, the wattmeter element 11 being provided with the inductance 20 to provide a component operating at substantially 90 deg. to the electromotive force in the coil 17 of the meter 10. I shall not describe the details of the wattmeters as the construction thereof is not my invention.

The rotatable elements 12 and 13 are pro vided with normally open contacts 21 and 22 which are closed at the completion of a revolution of the corresponding rotatable members or any part of a revolution thereof.

I provide an element, in this case the cylinder 23 having motion in two directionsnamely in an axial or longitudinal direction and rotational respectivelythese two motions being controlled by the wattmeter elements 10 and 11 respectively. The axial motion represents the components lying along the line OX in Fig. 10, and the rotational motion is represented by the components lying on the line XI in the same figure.

The cylinder 23 is mounted upon the shaft 24 and is provided with the lifting ratchet 25 and the rotating ratchet 26, by means of which this cylinder may be moved axially and rotatively respectively. The lifting ratchet 25 is provided with a holding pawl 27 and the rotary ratchet 26 is provided with a similar holding pawl 28. An actuating pawl member 29 operated by the solenoid 30 is controlled by the wattmeter element 10 to raise the cylinder 23 in step by step motion. The circuit for the solenoid 30 is formed as follows: from the battery or source of current 31 through the wire 32 the contact 21, wire 33, through the winding of the solenoid 30 and then back to battery over the wire 34. Thus for each closing of the contact 21 at the power wattmeter 10 the cylinder 23 will be advanced axially by one step. An operating solenoid 35 is controlled by the contact 22 over the following circuit. From the battery 31 over the wire 32, through the contact 22, wire 37 through the winding of the solenoid 35 and back to battery 31 over the wire 38.

It is thus apparent that the printing cyl inder 23 is advanced one step rotatively for each closing of the contact 22 by the reactive wattmeter 11.

The holding pawls 27 and 28 respectively are controlled by the solenoids 39 and 40 respectively and these holding pawls are withdrawn periodically to reset the printing cylinder 23 for the beginning of the next period. In this connection it is to be noted that I provide a spring 41 of the spiral type at the lower end of the shaft 24 through the medium of a sleeve 42 which is keyed to the shaft 24;, but which permits axial movement ofthe shaft with respect to said sleeve. Thus when the solenoids 39 and 40 are energized to withdraw the holding pawls 2'7 and 28 respectively, the spring 41 moves the drum 23 back toits zero position with respect to motion of rotation and the weight of the drum and connected parts lowers the drum axially to its zero position with respect to axial motion.

The solenoids 39 and d0, which control the resetting are in turn controlled by a suitable time controlled contact shown in this case as mounted on the disk 43. The disk l3, as well as the disk a4, is suitably driven at a predetermined rate by time controlled mechanism, in this case illustrated by the clock 45.

Thus whenever the contact between the brushes i6 and il? is closed the printing cylinder 28 is reset.

1- have provided means forperiodically recording the position of the cylinder which determined its reading as by means of the record strip of paper 48, and this strip is fed from the supply roller l?) to the take-up roller 50. The feeding of this record strip is controlled bya solenoid 51. and suitable pawl and ratchet mechanism 52 to advance the strips immediately after the printing magnet 52 has been energized.

as provided with numerous contacts for making frequent records of the reading of the cylinder 23, but it is to be understood that only one printing operation may be performed for each period and that preferably at the end of the period just before the cylinder is reset.

The printing magnet 53 is provided with a printing platen which is of substantially the same size as the squares or rectangles provided on the cylinder 23 so that only the figure directly under the platen 55 will be printeuiupon the record strip 48.

The platen 55 thus perrorms the function of reference point for the cylinder Fig. 7' shows a development of the surface of the cylinder 23. This is an enemplification only and is not the only which the cylinder may he graduated. l

enner in have shown ten steps in each direction, but it is to be understood that the number of steps may be varied and preferably should 3e greatly increased.

Instead of employing two releasing magnets 39 and 40. a single magnet may serve toreleaseboth of the holding pawls 27' and 28. While a cylindrical drum is preferable for reducing the size of the apparatus, it is to be understood that a moving surface of any other character might be employed so long as this surface has a motion in two directions with respect to the reference point and is suitably graduated or inscribed to give the proper values.

In Fig. 5 l have shown the manner of connecting the device of my invention to a 3-phase load circuit. In this case the 3-phase load 68 is connected to the mains 61 through the leads 62. The power wattmeter element 10 is provided with two current windings 63 and 64 respectively and two potential windings 65 and 66 respectively. These windings are connected in any well known manner to the leads 62 as by means of two current transformers 6? and 68 disposed in series relation to the two phases of the load 60 and the potential transformers 69 and 70 respectively connected across two of the phases of the load. The reactive meter 11 is provided with the two current coils 71 and 72 and with the two pressure coils 73 and 74 respectively. The currentcoils 71 and 72 are connected in series with the secondaries of the current transformers 67 and 68. The pressure coils are connected so as to receive only a component at right angles to flow of current.

The cylinder 23 shown in Fig. 5 is provided with indicating characters such as type for indicating and printing not only the power factor for the given periods but also thereactive component and the power component over said period. The surface of the cylinder 23' is shown as developed in Fig. 8. It is apparent that a greater number of steps may be advantageously employed although the number of steps is not of the essence of the invention. The platen 75, which strikes the recording strip 48 against the type of the cylinder 23 is made of the proper size to embrace the three small corresponding squares. Thus there are recorded side by side on the recording strip 48 the power component, the reactive component and the power factor over a given period. Otherwise the operation of the system shown in Fig. 5 is the same as that shown in Fig. 1.

If the steps in either a rotary or a vertical direction should be too great the last step may be provided with markings for indicating that the reading has gone beyond the dimensions of the chart. A special mark at the end of the chart such as indicated at 136 in Fig. 8 be provided.

In Fig. 6 l have illustrated the manner in which the pressure coils of the wattmeter elementsmay be connected to the mains to secure correct readings. The pressure coils of the power wattmeter element 10 are connected across two phases of the line, but the pressure coils of the reactive wattmeter 11 are connected to the coils of the power transformer 7 7 The particular manner of making the connections is not of importance and may be varied. Instead of connecting to the windings of the service transformers as indicated at 77, Fig. 6, an artificial load may be pro vided through which connection may be made.

In Fig. 12 I have indicated diagrammatically a modification of the form of device shown in Figs. 5 and 5 in which totalizing counters for total power component and total reactive component are provided.

I have added the numeral wheels and 130, upon which I inscribed characters suitable tor printing, reading in terms of total power component or actual kilowatts, and in total reactive component respectively. The numeral wheels 80 are operated by the elec tro-magnet 82 in series with the vert cal stepping magnet 30 so that for every operation of the vertical stepping magnet 30 another unit is added to th indication on the totalizer wheels 80, thereby registering continuously the increase in actual power consumed. In the same way the totalizer magnet 132 is in series with the rotary stepping magnet 51 and serves to accumulate or totalize the amount of reactive component over any given period.

I have also provided the printing- "in 83 and 131 which are connected J. s with the printing magnet 53 and the paper advancing magnet 51. Otherwise the ope ation of this mechanism is substantiall the same as that shown in Figs. 5 and 5 It is assumed, of course, that the connection. shown in Fig. 5 for the wattmeter elements 12 and 13 are provided so that the rotatable elements 12 and 13 are responsive to power components and reactive components respectively. Upon the completion oil? a revolution of the wattmei'er element 12 the contact 21 will be closed t and the vertical stepping Ina-2' cyclometer magnet 82 will be energized simultaneously, thereby the indicating cylinder axially and epping' "Zorw 7 unit cyclometer wheel 80 by one u the same manner all the clos a 3esoi the contacts 22 of the reactive meter will be totalized on the accumulator 130.

The record strip is shown in retail in Figs. 14, 14 an 14 It is apparent that any one or m 'e of the quantities may be tted if desi ed and a record of the other: made. At the end of a given period as controlled by the time controlled mechanism and contact mechanism governed thereby, the circuit for the paper advancing magnet 51 and for the printing magnets and 83 will be energized so that a record is made of the reactive component over a given period, the power component over said period, the power factor over the period and the total reactive component and the total kilowatts consumed to the end of that period. Thereafter the paper strip is ad vanced by the pitch distance illustrated between the dotted lines a and F) in. Figs. 1aand 14 2 This record is highly valuable as indicating not only the character of the load but the total load in kilowatts and the total reactive component over a given period. From the record strip thus made it is possible not only to read the power factor over any short period of time but also over any longer desired period of time. The total reactive component or part of the same over any particular period has a definite relation to the total power component or the part at the same extending over the given period. T he cyclometer wheels 80 and 130 may be made so as to reset by any well known means as is well understood. by those skilled in the art.

The record strip made by each of the forms heretofore described, also has value in that it indicates the maximum demand and the nature of that maximum demand over any given period. In the record shown in Figs. 14-, 14 and 14 there is given a direct indication of the amount of power consumed over a given period. By inspecting the record strip it will be possible to select the largest value of power component and this represents the maximum demand. It is also possible to select the largest value 0:? reactive component and to compare its relation to the power component or to the power factor in determining the character of the load. Thus it is possible not only to select the largest value of power component over a unit period to represent maximum de mand. but also to determine the power factor during such maximum demand.

I have shown the record strip in l i 14 and 14 as bearing indications 135 to indicate the beginning or end of a period. This may be done by the platen of the printing magnet 83 or 130. Other 'J cations such as an indication of time may be made on the record strip if desired The printing attachment for printing the total value of power consumed maybe addet o the form shown in Fig. l and in that case a record such as is shown in Fig. 13 will. be provided. From this record it will be pos sible to find the maximum demand over any given period by a simple process of sub traction. Thus the largest difference represents maximum demand.

In Figs. 15, 16. I9 and 2-9 I have diagrammatically illustrated the manner in which my invention may be applied to indicating instruments. In this case I provide a stationary chart 85 with which the two mov- Ill) able pointers 86 and 87 cooperate. The pointer 86 is moved in accordance with the instantaneous value of the power component,

.afwattmeter element 90 being provided for .this purpose.

94 and 95 respectively.

The movable system of the wattmeter element 91 comprises a beam 96 mounted on a pivot 97 for rocking movement and this rocking movementis transmitted to a sliding rod 98 as by means of the rack and segments 99 and 100. The indicator or pointer 87 is connected-to the sliding rod 98 and is moved across the chart 85 in response t the variations in the instantaneous values of the reactivecomponent of current flowing V in the mains 6 and 7. The movable system of the wattmeter 90 is similarly connected to the sliding rod 104 to which the pointer 86 is secured.

The values of power factor which appear within the squares of the chart 85 and also those which appear in the charts, Figs. 7 and 8, may be mathematically determined as indicated in Fig. 18. Consider the point P at the center of the square as typical of all points within said square. This point P lies a horizontal distance of three steps away fromthe Y axis and lies a vertical distance of nine steps or units in a vertical distance away from the X axis. The tan- .gent of the angle POX is therefore 9 divided by 3 or 3. The cosine of the angle whose tangent is 3 is .949. These charts (Figs. 7 and 8) are graduated along their X axesin values ofpower component and along their Y axis in values of reactive component.

The values may be otherwise determined by measuring the slze of the angle and obtaining the value of the cosine of that angle vfrom tables of trigonometric functions.

I have illustrated heretofore only rectangular coord nates, but it is to be understood that polar coordinates or a combination of both may be used as is indicated in Figs. 16, 17, '19 and 20. 9

In Fig. 16. I have shown the wattmeter elements 110 and 111 which have the mov able pointers 112 and 113 respectively. These pointers are vmoved by movable potential coils-114' and 115 respectively and it may be assumed that for each position of the correspondingpointer there is a certain'and fixed value of power component or reactive component as the. casemay be. Therefore for any particular point on thechart, such as the point Z shown'inFig. 17, a corresponding value of power factor may be inscribed. The value there placed will be the cosine of the angle whose tangent is represented by the ratios of the value of the position of the pointer 112 with respect to the value of the position of the pointer 113, when these pointers cross each other above the particular spot, or in the immediate vicinity thereof.

In Figs. 19 and 20 I have indicated diagrammatically an embodiment in which the chart has a motion in one direction and a movable pointer 119 has a rotary motion. with respect thereto. In this case the wattmeter element 1:20 moves the pointer 119 to a position corresponding to the value of thepower component flowing at a given time. The wattmeter element 121, which is actuated in response. to the reactive component flowing at the same time, moves the chart 122 vertically a proportionate distanceand the corresponding value of power factor may be read from the chart 122 as is apparent from Fig. 20.

The chart 122 is suspended on a parallel motion system of links which are pivoted at the stationary points 123 and 124.

Where an unbalanced three-phase system is connected the power factor indication willbe an average of the three phases.

I do not intend to limit the invention to any particular form of apparatus other than as the same is specified in the following claims. v

For the purposes of my invention it is immaterial whether the surface itself be .moved or whether the reference point be moved with respect to the surface. Such embodlment of the invention is obviously 1ntended to come within the scope of the apdevices of this character which are useful whether the device which I have disclosed be used in its entirety or not, and I have there- 'fore laid claim to the same as appears in the appended claims.

I claim:

1. The method of continuously indicating average power factor over a predetermined period of time, or any portion thereof, of

the electrical power'flowingin a conductor by-meansof a surface divided with respect to azero po ntmtosumt areas'by. coordinates and provided with graduations on said unit areas in terms of power factor, the value of the graduation in each area being the cosine of the angle whose tangent is the ratio between the ordinate of said area and the coordinate of the same area, which comprisesintegrating the instantaneous values of the power component of the power flowing in said line in said period or any portion thereof into predetermined units, into grating the instantaneous values of the reactive component of the power flowing in said line in said period or any portion thereof into other predetermined units preferably of equal value with the units of power component, laying out said units of reactive component as they are completed lineally along an ordinate measurement of said surface, laying out said units of power component as they are completed lineally along a coordinate of measurement of said surface, and determining at any time the value of power factor from the graduation of the unit area which is defined in terms of its ordinate by the value of the integrated or accumulated units of reactive component and in terms of its coordinate by the value of the integrated or accumulated units of power component.

2. In combination, an element having a surface with indications thereon corresponding to various power factors, means responsive to the power component of electrical energy flowing in a line and means responsive to the reactive component flowing in said line, both of said means cooperating with the element to move said surface to cause an indication to be given of the power factor of the electrical power flowing through said line. a

In combination, means adapted to be responsive to reactive components of power flowing in a line, means responsive to the power components flowing in sa d line, a third means comprising an indicating surface graduated in accordance with the angle of lag, the tangent of which is defined by the ratio of the reactive component to the power component, which surface is iniir enced by said first two means to give an indication of power factor.

4. In combination, means adapted to be responsive to reactive component of power flowing in a line, means responsive to the power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicating sun face influenced by said first two means to give an indication of power factor and means for periodically recording the reading of said indicating surface.

5. In combination a line, an eiement having an indicating surface bearing indications corresponding to cosines of various angles, a first electrical means responsive to the reactive component in said line, a

second electrical means responsive to the said line, means for n'h ation on sand sure to be m ans of the sails to select tnei eh toe de wh tangent is the reactive component to the power ectmg a e whose tan ent is the ratio of He comnon to the power component, means for periodically malr'ng record of the indication selected on said indicating surface.

7. In combination a line, an element having a surface provided with indications corresponding to power factors, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said rface in one direction only, means subject to the power component in said line for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position.

8. In combination-a line, an element having a surface provided with indications cor: responding to power factors, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direction only, means subject to the power component in saic line for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position, and means for making a record periodically of the indication so brought into register.

9. In combination a line, an element having a surface provided with indications corresponding to power factors, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direciion only, means subject to the power component in said line for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position, and means for making a record jeriodically or the indication so brought into register, and means for periodically setting said indicating surface back to the zero position.

10. In combination a line, a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter eleactive componentin said line over a given period, a secondindicating wattmeter element responsive to power component in said line over the same period, a common indieating element, means responsive to the first wattmeter'element and means responsive to said second wattmeter element both of said latter'means cooperating with said common indicating element to give an indication of power factor over a given period.

I 121111 combination a line, a first Watmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line second wattmeter element responsive to power component in said' line, a common indicating element, means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second vwattmetcr element, both of said latter means cooperatingwith said common indicating element to give an indicatlon of power factor and I'GlCtlVe component over a given eriod said common indicatin element being graduated in termsor" power factor and reactive component.

13. In combination a line, a first integrating wattmeter element responsive to reactive component flowing in said line over a given period, a second integrating watt meter element responsive to power component in said line over the same period, a common indlcating element. means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperau .to give an indication oi power factor and ponent.

reactive com aonent over said "iven eriod t3 said indicating element being graduated in terms of poweriar-tor and reactive com- 14. In combination a line. a wattmeter element 176313011811 6: tOdfiClllVe component in said line. a second wattmeter element repower factor and of power component,

meansresponsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second C wattmeter element, both of said latter eating element to power factorand of power component.

means cooperating with said common indigive an indlcation of 15. In combination a line, a first integrating wattmeter element responsive" to reactive component insaid line, a second integrating wattmeter element responsive to power component in said line over the'same period, a common indicating element graduated in terms of power factor and power component, means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second Wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperating with said common indicating element-to give an indication of power factor and of power component over said given period.

16. In combination a line, a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter ele ment responsive to power component in said line, a common indicating element graduated in terms of power factor, reactive component and power component, means rcsponsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperating with said common indicating elements to give an indication of power fa tor, reactive component and power component.

17. In combination, a line, an indicating element comprising a surface having gradm ations distributed thereupon in two dimensions in terms of the funvtions of two variables similar to the chararter ot' the load connected to said line, a meter element responsive to one of the line variables, con tact means controlled by said meter elements, a second meter element responsive to the other of said line variables, contact means controlled by said second meter. element, a reference member coiiperating with said indicating element,mcans for securing relative movement between said surface and said referen e member in one dimension in steps corresponding to the operation of said contact means, and means for securing relative movement between said surface and said reference member in another dimension in steps corresponding to the operation of said second contact means.

18. In combination a line, an integrating wattmeter element responsive to the power flowing in said line, contact means controlled. by said element, an indicating and recording element com arising a drum havinggradnations in two dimensions adapted to make a re"ord, means for advancing the indicating elementin one dimension in steps corresponding to the operation of said contact means-a complete graduation at a time, means for moving the drum in another dimension and automatic recording means for periodi ally making a record of the reading of said last element. 7

19. In combination a line, an integrating wattmeter element responsive to the power flowing in said line, contact means controlled by said element, an indicating and recording element having graduations in two dimensions and being adapt d to make a record, means for advancing the indicating element in one dimension in steps corresponding to the operation of said con means, means for advancing the element the other dimension and automatic reco ing means for periodically making a record of the reading of said last element, and automatic cans for periodically resetting the indicating and recording element.

20. In combination a line, means controlled by the power component of power flowing through the line, means controlled by the reactive component of power flouing through said line, a surface having graduations in one direction corresponding to the power component and having gradib ations in another directi n correspondii'ig" to reactive components and having ur s n c lying substantially at the interse-"tcir:

said graduations, said figures corresponding to a tunction of the angle of phase difference between electro-motive force rod on rent in the linerelatively stationarv dirating or reference member, means cn trolled by saio means to more the surfa"e in said first direction and means controlled by said second mentioned n s move the surface in said second dir 21. In combination a line, means 1" slve to the power component of power ing throu h the lin means responsive to the encnt of power flowing through said line, a surface having aduations in one direction correspohurog to the power component and having gradua tions in another direction corresponding to reactive component and having is l ing substantially at the intersec o graduat ons, said corre a function of the o of phase filiifel between eletro-rnotie force l cur the line, a relatively stationirv in or reference member, means controlled said first means to move the surface in sa d first'dlrection and means controlled b second mentioned to move th su fa e in said second dirertion, and periodically making a record of brought into register with the stationary member.

22, 11 combination a char= sic in two directions, said chart bei= graduated in one direction in terms of reactive component and in. another direction in power component, relatively st ti erence means adjacent said no A means adapted to be responsive to reactive component in line for moving the chart in said first direction, adapted to be responsive to the power component in the same line, for moving the chart in the sec- 0nd direction to bring a predetermined porn of the ch corresponding to the power tor in register with said stationary retce mean In combination a chart movable in LL18 0nd direction to bring a character of the chart corresponding to the angle of phase difference in register with said stationary reference means.

2%. In combination a chart moi 'able in two directions, said chartbeing graduated in one direction in terms of reactive component, and in another dir ction in tern of power component, indicating characters at the intersections of said graduations, a relatively stationary reference means, means esponsive to reactive component in a line for noving the chart in said first direction, responsive to he p wer component the line for moving; the chart in a second di eet'cn to bring a character 0t tie chart corresponding to th A diil'en in d stationary rei- QIELCQ means, and means for malrinc; a record periodically of the c aracter brought er with e In combination cha t two directions, said chart being g aduated rectio'i in terms of reactive co -poanother direction in to me of To characters at in one m the chart .irectioiis.

ter lescribed,

e to re- L/ it flow' udap rection in response wattmeter elements. other loo meter elements; for. moving the indicating means in another direction, said indicating means having characters thereupon and relatively stationary reference means adapted to be brought into register with a specific one of said characters to indicate the power factor of the current flowing through the inea 27. In combination, a wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in a line, a second .wattmeter element responsive to power component in a line, indicating means comprising a cylinder having graduations corresponding to power factors upon the surface thereof, stepping means responsive to one of said wattmeter elements for moving the cylinder axially and stepping means responsive to the other of said wattmeter elements for moving said cylinder rotarily, and a stationary reference member with which alportion of said cylinder is adapted to be brought into register for indicating powerfactor.

28. In combination, a \vattmeter element responsive to reactive component in a line,

a second wattmeter element responsive to power component in a line indicating means comprising a cylinder having graduations corresponding to power factors upon the surface thereof, stepping means responsive to one of said wattmeter elements for movingthe cylinder axially and stepping means responsive to the other ofv said wattmeter elements for moving said cylinder rotarily,

and a stationary reference member with which a portion of said cylinder is adapted to be brought into register for indicating power factor, and printing means for periodically making a record of the portion of said cylinder brought into register with the relatively stationary means.

29. In combination, a wattmeter element responsiveto reactive component in a line, a second wattmeter element responsiveto power component inalineindicating means comprising a cylinder having graduations corresponding to power factors upon the surface thereof, stepping. means responsive to one of said wattmetcr elements for mor ing the cylinder axially and setting means responsive to the. other of said wattmoter elements for moving said cylinder rotarily, anda stationary; reference member with which a portion of said cylinder is adaptr-xd to be brought into register for indicating power, factor, and printing, means for periodically makingarecord of the portion ofsaid' cylinder brought into register with the relatively stationary means, and automatic resetting means for periodically resetting the cylinder both axially and rotarily. i a

30. In combination an integrating wattmeter for power. component,- an integrating wattmeter for reactive componentand ten};

porary. register. means for-registering the power component and the reactive component measured by said wattmeters over a given period and for registering the power factor corresponding to said values of power component and reactive components.

31. In combination an integrating watt- .meter for power component, an integrating wattmeter I for reactive component and a temporary register for registering the power component and the reactive component Incas ured by said wattmeters over a given period.

32. In combination an integrating wattmeter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component, temporary register means for registering the power component andthe reactive component measured by said wattmeters over a given period, means for periodically recording the readings of said registering means and means for periodically resetting the registering means.

33. In combination an integrating watt: meter element fo power comp nent nion: tegrating wattmeter element. for reactive component, temporary register means forsheet the readings of the temporary register and the accumulating; register.

, 35. In comb nationan; integrating wattmeter. element for power componenhan in:

tegrating wattmeter element for reactive; component, temporary register means for registerin the powercomponent and the reactive component registered bysaid wattmeters over a given period and for-registering the power factor corresponding to said values ofvpower; component-and reactivecemponent over said period, meanssfor resetting periodically the temporary. regis ter means, an accumulatingregister for. registeringthe total amountof power component, a record sheet'and means for. periodically recording on saidsheet the readings of the temporary register and of the accumulating register. 1 3

36. In a device of the chara ter described, a rectangular chart subdivided over its entire area into a plurality of unit areas dofined by two groups of continuous lines whi h ers ct each th r, ssid ees 

